Correspondence: Sang Kyung Jo, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea. E-mail: Introduction
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is an uncommon disorder characterized by the presence of fibroinflammatory tissue in the peri-aortic and peri-iliac retroperitoneum [1]. It frequently spreads into adjacent structures and causes ureteral obstruction with postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI) as one of the most common complications [1,2]. RPF has long been considered to be idiopathic in a majority of cases, except some cases resulting from malignancy, autoimmune diseases, drugs, radiation therapy, aortic aneurysm, or certain infections [3]. However, emerging evidence suggests that many cases of idiopathic RPF are a clinical manifestation of a multisystemic autoimmune disease called “IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD)” [4]. IgG4-RD is an increasingly recognized lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by increased serum IgG4 concentration, pathologic tissue infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and “storiform” fibrosis in affected organs [5]. Since the first published description of patients with sclerosing pancreatitis in 2001 [6], various systemic disorders affecting one or multiple organs have been attributed to IgG4-RD. An elevated serum IgG4 concentration is found in a majority of these patients, but approximately 30% of patients have normal serum IgG4 concentration [7]. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of IgG4-RD can only be made based on histologic assessment of biopsies.
Glucocorticoids are often initiated to treat idiopathic RPF, but there is no universally accepted treatment regimen. For cases of ureteral obstruction, nephrostomy or stenting is required to relieve the obstruction and preserve kidney function [8].
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of IgG4-related RPF among patients diagnosed with idiopathic RPF and to compare clinical and laboratory features of IgG4-related RPF with those of idiopathic RPF. We also compared the severity of disease, the initial response to glucocorticoid therapy, and relapse after discontinuation of therapy between the two groups.
Methods
Patients and study design
This was a retrospective, two-center study of 52 patients diagnosed with RPF between January 2006 and July 2017 at Korea University Anam Hospital and Korea University Kuro Hospital. The Institutional Review Board of each hospital approved this study (2017AN0366, 2018GR0026).
Diagnosis of RPF was based on radiologist reports of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Among 52 patients with RPF in our cohort, we identified those in whom the serum IgG4 concentration was measured or a biopsy was performed at the time of diagnosis. Patients with no serum IgG4 evaluation at the time of diagnosis were excluded. Patients with RPF due to secondary causes such as malignancy, drugs, radiation therapy, aortic aneurysm, or certain infections were also excluded.
We divided the patients into two groups, IgG4-related RPF and idiopathic RPF, based on the comprehensive diagnostic criteria published by Umehara et al [9] in 2011. According to this criteria, presence of a retroperitoneal mass, elevated IgG4 concentration (≥ 135 mg/dL), and representative tissue pathology (marked lymphocyte/ plasmocyte infiltration and fibrosis, ≥ 40% ratio of IgG4/ IgG-positive cells, and ≥ 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells/ high powered field [HPF]) received a “definite” diagnosis of IgG4-related RPF. The presence of a mass with either pathologic findings or elevated serum IgG4 concentration suggested “probable” or “possible” IgG4-related RPF, respectively.
We reviewed patients’ electronic hospital records to evaluate characteristics of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and associated comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hydronephrosis). The following laboratory data were also recorded: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count, eosinophil count, BUN, creatinine, C3, C4, and urine analysis. AKI was diagnosed and classified based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines for AKI (i.e., ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% increase in serum creatinine level from baseline within 48 hours or urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hour over 6 hours) [10].
The extent of organ involvement was estimated by imaging modalities of CT, MRI, or positron emission tomography CT. In patients with periaortic lesions, we measured the thickness and longitudinal length of the periaortic cuff. Maximal periaortic mass thickness, not including the aortic wall, was measured using a CT axial scan. The treatment modalities, radiologic response rate, and recurrence rate were also evaluated. Because there is no universally accepted definition of remission or recurrence in IgG4-related RPF [11], we defined remission as reduction and recurrence of size increase of the retroperitoneal mass on imaging modalities.
Statistical analysis
SPSS software, version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Data summaries for quantitative data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation or the median and range (minimum–maximum). In contrast, categorical data summaries are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons between the two groups were performed using Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test for quantitative data and the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical data.
Results
Clinical features of the overall cohort
Out of 52 patients with RPF, 18 with no serum IgG4 evaluation at the time of diagnosis and 7 with secondary causes (5 malignancy, 1 radiation therapy, and 1 infection) were excluded. Twenty-seven patients were finally included in the analysis. The mean age was 59.7 ± 13.6 years, and 62% (17 patients) were male. Aorta involvement occurred in 23 cases (85.2%), 20 (87.0%) of which were detected around the infrarenal portion of the abdominal aorta and 17 of which simultaneously affected the iliac arteries. Hydronephrosis was present in 16 cases (59.3%), 14 of which were initially diagnosed as postrenal AKI. Percutaneous nephrostomy or double J ureteral catheter was transiently inserted in 12 patients.
Clinical and laboratory features
According to comprehensive diagnostic criteria [9], 16 of 27 RPF patients (59.3%) were classified as having IgG4-related RPF based on the biopsy findings and/or elevated serum IgG4 concentration (≥ 135 mg/dL) at the time of diagnosis (3 definite, 3 probable, 10 possible), and 11 patients were classified as having idiopathic RPF. The median serum IgG4 levels of the two groups were 264.8 mg/dL (range, 21–3,660 mg/dL) and 30.5 mg/dL (range, 14.0–97.3 mg/dL), and serum IgG4/IgG ratio was 0.194 and 0.024 for IgG4-related RPF and idiopathic RPF, respectively. A biopsy procedure was performed in nine patients, and all specimens were collected from retroperitoneal mass by surgical procedure. Six of nine (66.7%) cases showed representative biopsy findings (marked lymphocyte/plasmocyte infiltration and fibrosis, > 40% ratio of IgG4/IgG-positive cells, and > 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells/HPF) (Fig. 1) and were classified as IgG4-related RPF, and the three patients were classified as idiopathic RPF.
The clinical features of both groups are summarized in Table 1. The IgG4-related RPF group was significantly older (66.1 ± 10.48 years vs. 50.5 ± 12.69 years, P = 0.002) and contained significantly more males (81% vs. 36%, P = 0.040) compared to the idiopathic RPF group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in BMI or underlying comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or heart failure.
Although 8 of 16 patients (50.0%) with IgG4-related RPF had other organ involvements, with the pancreas being the most commonly affected organ, there were no patients in the idiopathic RPF group with other organ involvement (P = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference in incidence of aorta involvement, thickness or length of paraaortic cuff, or location of mass.
Hydronephrosis was more frequently found in IgG4-related RPF (75.0% vs. 36.4%, P = 0.045), and the incidence of postrenal AKI was also significantly higher in this group (68.8% vs. 27.3%, P = 0.034) compared to the idiopathic RPF group. The median creatinine level was 1.37 mg/dL (range, 0.69–5.42) and 0.77 mg/dL (range, 0.52–7.18) in IgG4-related RPF and idiopathic RPF, respectively. Percutaneous nephrostomy or double J catheter was inserted in 9 of 16 patients with IgG4-related RPF and 3 of 11 patients with idiopathic RPF. All patients recovered renal function to baseline level, and no patients showed progressive CKD during a median follow-up period of 18 months.
Hemoglobin, platelet, ESR, and CRP levels, as well as white blood cell counts, were comparable between the two groups, with the exception of eosinophil count, which was significantly increased in IgG4-related RPF (Table 2).
Treatment and prognosis
Treatment response and prognosis of patients in both groups are reported in Table 3. As shown, 13 of 16 patients (81.3%) with IgG4-related RPF and 5 of 11 patients (45.5%) with idiopathic RPF were initially treated with systemic steroid (0.5–1.0 mg/kg) or steroid/methotrexate. Median duration of treatment was 26 months, and all patients from both groups showed partial or complete radiological response (100%). There were 8 patients who underwent follow-up serum IgG4 level assessment after 1 year of systemic steroid treatment, demonstrating significantly decreased serum IgG4 concentration (264 [range, 53–577] mg/dL vs. 82 [range, 15–205] mg/dL, P = 0.012).
All four patients who discontinued systemic steroid treatment in the IgG4-related RPF group relapsed, with a median relapse time of 14 months, and required retreatment with systemic steroid. However, the three patients who discontinued steroid in the idiopathic RPF group maintained remission for up to 48 months.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Korea demonstrating that a substantial portion of idiopathic RPF can be classified within the spectrum of IgG4-RD. RPF, previously called “Ormond’s disease,” is a rare clinicopathological condition characterized by fibroinflammatory tissue that surrounds the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, frequently extending into the retroperitoneal space and encasing the ureters [1,2]. Clinical manifestations include nonspecific constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss. Localized symptoms also occur and include renal colic or peripheral edema caused by compression of the ureters or lymphatics, respectively [1,8,12]. Until recently, most RPF cases have been considered idiopathic, except some cases resulting from secondary causes such as malignancies, radiation, or drugs [3]. However, emerging evidence suggests that a significant proportion of idiopathic RPF can be classified as part of the autoimmune disease IgG4-RD [4].
IgG4-RD is an increasingly recognized fibroinflammatory disease affecting multiple organs including the pancreas, aorta, lacrimal gland, and retroperitoneum [13]. Typical pathological findings include IgG4+ lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis [13,14]. Definite diagnosis can be made in patients with 1) fibrous tissue in the periaortic or periiliac retroperitoneum; 2) plasma IgG4 level, ≥ 135 mg/dL; and 3) lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with more than 10 IgG4+ cells/HPF or IgG4/IgG ratio > 0.4 [9,15]. Although we used comprehensive diagnostic criteria including patients without tissue pathology [9], we found that IgG4-related RPF accounted for approximately 60% of the RPF cases examined.
In our study, patients with IgG4-related RPF were significantly older and showed greater male predominance compared to patients with idiopathic RPF. This is comparable to several other previously published studies [16–19], while Khosroshahi et al [4] reported similar male predominance between the two groups in a study in the United States of America. Similar to other reports [4,18,20], other organ involvement was much more frequent in IgG4-related RPF (50% vs. 0%), and the pancreas was the most commonly affected organ.
The prevalence of hydronephrosis in IgG4-related RPF has been estimated to be 33% to 66% [4,21]. Interestingly, 12 of 16 patients (75.0%) with IgG4-related RPF demonstrated hydronephrosis in our study, and 11 patients were diagnosed with postrenal AKI, 9 of whom needed temporary percutaneous nephrostomy or ureteral catheter placement. These complications were significantly more frequent those observed in idiopathic RPF cases (hydronephrosis, 4 of 11; postrenal AKI, 3 of 11; relief of obstruction, 3 of 11), which contrasts with previous reports demonstrating a comparable frequency of hydronephrosis between the two groups [4,21]. Further study is needed to identify the reasons underlying this discrepancy and should emphasize the volume, extent, or duration of the retroperitoneal mass within the two groups.
Systemic steroids were given as the initial treatment modality for both groups, and all patients in both groups showed a 100% response rate. No patients in our cohort experienced B cell depletion. Due to the absence of a widely accepted definition of remission or recurrence, we used a reduction or increase of retroperitoneal mass measured via imaging modalities to define them.
All four patients with IgG4-related RPF that discontinued systemic steroids relapsed, with a median relapse time of 14 months, and required maintenance immunosuppressive drugs. In contrast, all three patients in the idiopathic group who stopped systemic steroids maintained remission for at least 48 months without other immunosuppression. However, conclusions regarding prognosis and relapse cannot be made due to the small sample size in our study, and randomized, controlled studies enrolling a larger number of patients are needed to determine universally-accepted and objective response criteria for IgG4-related RPF.
In addition to the small sample size, that only 3 of 16 patients fulfilled the full diagnostic criteria of IgG4-related RPF and were categorized as “definite” is also a major limitation of this study. However, this report raises awareness of this rare systemic autoimmune disease and demonstrates that a substantial proportion of idiopathic RPF could be classified within the spectrum of rare systemic autoimmune diseases, presenting with different clinical and prognostic behaviors and requiring different treatment strategies than idiopathic RPF.
In conclusion, our two-center retrospective study demonstrated that a substantial proportion of idiopathic RPF can be classified within the spectrum of the multisystemic autoimmune disease “IgG4-RD,” suggesting that clinicians should consider this possibility and examine the presence of other organ involvement. More studies are necessary to better understand the pathophysiology, treatment response, and ultimate prognosis of this rare disease.
PDF Links
PubReader
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Download Citation
Print
